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Satan And His
Whispering
“Who is Satan and why
was he created?
The jinn we know as Satan was created from fire. Before his obedience
and sincerity were tested through Adam, he had been in the company of
angels, acting and worshipping as they did. Unlike angels, however, who
cannot rebel against God (66:6), Satan (called Iblis prior to his
test) was free to choose his own path of conduct. When God tested him
and angels by commanding them to prostrate before Adam, the seeds of his
self-conceit and disobedience blossomed and swallowed him. He replied in
his vanity: “I am better than him. You created me from fire, whilst
him you did create of clay” (38:76).
Satan was created for important purposes. If Satan, who continually
tries to seduce us, did not exist, our creation would be meaningless and
futile. God has innumerable servants who, like angels, cannot rebel and
thus do whatever they are told. In fact, the existence of an absolute
Divine Being Who has many beautiful Names and Attributes requires, not
because of some external necessity but because of the essential nature
of his Names, that His Names be manifest. He manifests all of these
Names through humanity.
Since He has free will, He also gave us free will so that we could know
good from evil. In addition, God gave us great potentials. It is our
development of these potentials and the struggle to choose between good
an evil that cause us to experience a constant battle in both our inner
and outer worlds. Just as God sends hawks upon sparrows so that the
latter will develop their potential to escape, He created Satan and
allowed him to tempt us so that our resistance of temptation will raise
us spiritually and strengthen our willpower. Just as hunger stimulates
human beings and animals to further exertion and discovery of new ways
to be satisfied, and fear inspires new defenses, so Satan’s temptations
cause us to develop our potentials and guard against sin.
Angels do not rise to the higher spiritual ranks, because Satan cannot
tempt them and cause them to deviate. Animals also have fixed stations,
and so cannot attain a higher or a lower station. Only human beings can
change their station by rising to the highest rank or falling to the
lowest rank.
Is
the creation of Satan evil?
There is an infinitely long line of spiritual evolution between the
ranks of the greatest Prophets and saints down to those of people like
Pharaoh and Nimrod. Therefore, it cannot be claimed that the creation of
Satan is evil. Although Satan is evil and serves various important
purposes, God’s creation involves the whole universe and should be
understood in relation to the results, not only with respect to the acts
themselves. Whatever God does or creates is good and beautiful in itself
or in its effects. For example, rain and fire are very useful. But they
also can cause great harm when abused. Therefore, one cannot claim that
the creation of water and fire is not totally good. It is the same with
the creation of Satan. His main purpose is to cause us to develop our
potential, strengthen our willpower by resisting his temptations, and
then rise to higher spiritual ranks.
To
the argument made by some that Satan leads many people to unbelief and
subsequent punishment in Hell, I reply:
First, although Satan was created for many good, universal
purposes, many people may be deceived by him. But Satan only whispers
and suggests; he cannot force you to indulge in evil and sin. If you are
so weak that Satan’s false promises deceive you, and you allow yourself
to be dragged down by him, you earn the punishment of Hell by misusing
an important God-given faculty that enables you to develop your
potential and raise to the highest rank. You must use your free will,
which makes you human and gives you the highest position in creation,
properly and to further your intellectual and spiritual evolution.
Otherwise, you must complain about being honored with free will and
therefore about being human.
Second, as quality is much more important than quantity, we should
consider qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, values when making our
judgment. For example, 100 date seeds are worth only 100 cents as long
as they are not planted to grow into palm trees. If only 20 out of 100
seeds grow into trees due to the other 80 being destroyed by too much
water, can we argue that it is an evil to plant and water seeds? I think
all of us can agree that it is wholly good to have 20 trees in exchange
for 20 seeds, since 20 trees will produce 20,000 seeds.
Again, 100 peacock eggs may be worth 500 cents. But if only 20 eggs
hatch and the rest to do not, who will say that it is wrong to risk 80
eggs being spoiled in return for 20 peacocks? On the contrary, it is
wholly good to have 20 peacocks at the expense of 80 eggs, for those 20
peacocks will lay even more eggs.
It
is the same with humanity. By fighting Satan and their evil-commanding
self, many “worthless” people have been lost in exchange for hundreds of
thousands of Prophets, millions of saints, and billions of men and women
of wisdom and knowledge, sincerity and good morals. All of these people
are the sun, moon, and stars of the human world.
Evil thoughts, fancies, and ideas that occur to us involuntarily are
usually the result of Satan’s whispering. Like a battery’s two poles,
there are two central points or poles in the human heart (by “heart” we
mean the seat or center of spiritual intellect). One receives angelic
inspiration, and the other is vulnerable to Satan’s whispering.
When believers deepen their belief and devotion, and if they are
scrupulous and delicate in feeling, Satan attacks them from different
directions. He does not tempt those who follow him voluntarily and
indulge in all that is transitory, but usually seeks out those sincere,
devout believers trying to rise to higher spiritual ranks. He whispers
new, original ideas to sinful unbelievers, in the name of unbelief, and
teaches them how to struggle against true religion and those who follow
it.
The meaning of Satan’s coming upon people from different directions
We
read in Qur’an 7:17 that when God cursed Satan because of his haughty
disobedience, Satan asked for a respite until the Day of Judgment so
that he could seduce human beings. God allowed him to do so, as was
discussed above, and Satan retorted:
“Then I shall came
upon them from before and behind, from their right and their left, and
You will not find most of them grateful.”
The verse means that Satan does everything he can to seduce us. We are
very complex beings, for God has manifested all of His Names on us. This
world is an arena of testing, where we are trained so that we can serve
as a mirror to God and earn eternal happiness. God has endowed us with
innumerable feelings, faculties, and potentials to be trained and
developed. If certain feelings and faculties (e.g., intellect, anger,
greed, obstinacy, and lust) are not trained and directed to lofty goals,
but rather are misused to pursue disagreeable purposes, and if our
natural desires and animal appetites are not restricted and satisfied in
lawful ways, they have the potential to cause us great harm here and in
the Hereafter.
Satan approaches us from the left and tries, working on our animal
aspect and our feelings and faculties, to lead us into all sorts of sin
and evil. When he approaches us from the front, he causes us to despair
of our future, whispers that the Day of Judgment will never come, and
that whatever religions say about the Hereafter is mere fiction. He also
suggests that religion is outdated and obsolete, and thus of no use for
those who are living now or who will live in the future. When he comes
upon us from behind, he tries to make us deny Prophethood and other
essentials of belief, like God’s existence and Unity, Divine Scriptures
and angels. Through his whispers and suggestions, Satan tries to sever
completely our contact with religion and lead us into sin.
Satan can only successfully seduce devout, practicing believers by
coming upon them from their right and tempting them to ego and pride in
their virtues and good deeds. He whispers that they are wonderful
believers, and gradually causes them to fall through self-conceit and
the desire to be praised for their good deeds. For example, if believers
perform supererogatory late-night prayer (tahajjud) and then
proclaim it so that others will praise them, and if they attribute their
accomplishments and good deeds to themselves and criticize others in
secret, they have fallen under Satan’s influence. This is a perilous
temptation for believers, and so they must be incessantly alert to
Satan’s coming upon them from their right.
Another of Satan’s tricks is to cause unimportant things to appear
important, and vice versa. If believers dispute among themselves in the
mosque over a secondary matter, such as whether one can use a rosary
when glorifying God after the daily prescribed prayers, while their
children are being dragged along ways of unbelief and materialism or are
drowning in the swamp of immorality, Satan has seduced them.
Satan’s whispering disagreeable thoughts and fancies
This comprises five
cures for five wounds of the heart.
In the name of
God, the Merciful, the Compassionate.
O Lord, I take
refuge in You from the evil suggestions of the devils, and I take
refuge in You, O my Lord, lest they attend me.
If
Satan cannot seduce devout believers, he whispers disagreeable thoughts
and fancies to them. For example, by associating some ideas with others,
he makes believers have some unpleasant conceptions of the Divine Being,
or conceive of unbelief or disobedience. If they dwell on such ideas,
Satan pesters them until they fall into doubt about their belief or
despair of ever leading a virtuous life. Another trick is to cause good,
devout believers to suspect the correctness or validity of their
religious acts. For example: Did I perform my prayer correctly? Did I
wash hands or face completely while performing the ritual ablution? How
many times did I washed the parts of my body that must be washed?
O
you, who are afflicted with the distress of involuntary evil thoughts
and fancies! Do you know what the evil thoughts occurring to you
involuntarily resemble? A misfortune! The more you dwell on and attach
importance to them, the more they grow. If you attach no importance to
them, they dwindle away; if you exaggerate them, they swell; if you
belittle them, they die down. If you fear them, they become grave and
make you ill; if you do not fear them, they are slight and remain
hidden. If you do not know their real nature, they persist and become
established; if you recognize their nature, they disappear. So, out of
many types or aspects of these pestilential evil thoughts or fancies, I
will explain only five, which occur most frequently. I hope that it will
be curative for you and for me, for such thoughts and fancies are of a
kind that ignorance attracts them and knowledge repulses them. If you do
not recognize them they call on you; if you do recognize them they
depart.
First aspect
Satan first casts a doubt into the heart. If the heart does not admit
it, he passes on to offer blasphemy, and brings back to the mind some
unclean memories and pictures and some unmannerly, ugly scenes, which
resemble blasphemy, causing the heart to wail ‘Alas!,’ and fall into
despair. The person suffering from such evil thoughts supposes that he
is acting wrongfully towards his Lord and feels terrible agitation and
anxiety. In order to be freed from it, he flees from the Divine Presence
and wants to plunge into heedlessness and forgetfulness. The cure for
this wound is the following:
Listen, you poor fellow, it is from involuntary evil fancies that you
are suffering! Do not be alarmed! For what comes to your mind is not
blasphemy, but something imaginary. As an involuntary fancy of unbelief
is not unbelief, an involuntary fancy of blasphemy is not blasphemy. For
according to logic, a fancy is not an act of judgment, whereas blasphemy
(a willful act) is an act of judgment. Moreover, the ugly words
occurring to you do not come out of your heart, because your heart is
displeased with and regretful of them. Rather they come from ‘the tube
of Satan,’ an inner faculty situated near the heart through which Satan
whispers to the heart. The harm of involuntary evil fancies comes from
imagining them to be harmful, the person suffers harm by heart through
imagining them to be harmful. For he supposes a fancy not subject to
judgment to be reality. Also, he ascribes a work of Satan to his own
heart; he supposes Satan’s whisperings to belong to his own heart. He
thinks this is harmful, so he suffers harm-which is just what Satan
wants.
Second aspect
When conceptions arise in the heart, they enter the imagination without
form; it is in the imagination that they take on a form. The faculty of
imagination, always under some prompting, weaves forms of some sort. It
weaves around the forms of the things to which it attaches importance;
whatever conception comes to the heart, the imagination either clothes
it in these forms, or attaches them to it, or touches it with them, or
veils it through them. If the conception is pure and clean, and the
forms dirty and base, there is some little contact between them but the
pure conception will not accept the base form as its dress. However, the
man suffering from involuntary evil thoughts confuses that little
contact with being dressed, and exclaims, ‘Alas! How corrupted my heart
is! This baseness and meanness will drive me out of religion!’ Satan
takes advantage of this sentiment. The cure for this wound is as
follows:
Listen, you poor fellow! Just as your outward cleanliness, which is the
means to correctness of your prayers, is not affected or spoiled by the
foulness in your intestines, so too the sacred meanings or conceptions
are not harmed by being close to unclean forms. Suppose you are
reflecting on the signs of God in the universe or on the verses of the
Qur’an. Suddenly you feel ill, or you feel a desire to eat, or an urge
to pass water. Of course your imagination will form whatever is needed
to respond to the illness or the need, and weave ‘lowly’ forms
appropriate to the purpose. The meanings that arise out of your
(interrupted) reflections will pass by the forms your imagination has
been prompted to weave. But there is no harm in that passing, no soiling
from it, nor error, nor injury. If there is any fault, it lies in paying
attention to the fact and imagining it to be harmful.
Third aspect
There are certain hidden connections between things. Even between things
you never expect to be connected there are ‘threads’ of connection. They
are either there in fact, or your imagination makes them according to
its preoccupation, and ties those things together. It is because of this
connection that sometimes seeing a sacred thing brings to mind an
unclean thing. As the science of rhetoric puts it, ‘opposition which is
the cause of remoteness in the outer world, is the cause of nearness in
the imagination.’ That is, the means of bringing together the forms of
two opposites, is imaginary connection. The recollection occurring
through such a connection is called the association of ideas.
For example, while performing the prayers or reciting supplications
before the Ka‘ba, in the Divine Presence, although you are reflecting on
Qur’anic verses, the association of ideas may take you to the furthest,
lowest trifles. If you are afflicted with such involuntary association
of ideas, do not be alarmed. Rather, when you come to your senses, turn
back. Do not say, ‘What great wrong I have done!,’ nor dwell on it to
learn its nature, lest, through your attentiveness to it, that weak
connection finds strength. For as you show regret and consider it
seriously, that weak recollection of yours becomes a fixation and turns
into a sickness of imagination. Do not be over-distressed-it is not a
sickness of the heart. This type of recollection is mostly involuntary,
and especially common among sensitive, nervous people. Satan works a
great deal out of the mine of this type of involuntary fancies. The cure
for this wound is as follows:
The association of ideas is mostly involuntary. One is not responsible
for it. In addition, in association there is proximity, not contact and
combination. By nature, ideas are not contagious, they do not harm each
other. Satan and the angel of inspiration being in proximity to each
other around the heart, and sinners and the pious being side by side in
the same house, do not cause harm. So too if, due to the association of
ideas, unclean fancies enter among your pure thoughts, they cause no
harm, unless they are intentional, or by imagining them to be harmful,
one becomes over-attentive to them. Sometimes it happens that the heart
becomes tired out, and the mind, in order to entertain itself, occupies
itself with anything that flits across it. Satan takes this as an
opportunity, and offers unclean things to it.
Fourth aspect
There is a kind of involuntary fancy which arises from seeking the best
form of a religious deed, and can be better called a ‘scruple.’ If the
person supposes it to be a true or pure piety, it becomes more vigorous
and makes the resulting condition more severe. It can reach such a
degree that while searching for even better forms of deed, the person
falls into what is forbidden. Sometimes it happens that in seeking after
what is commended in worship, the person neglects what is obligatory
therein. Hesitating over whether his act of worship was canonically
acceptable or not, he repeats it. This state continues, and soon he
falls into despair. Satan takes advantage of this state, and wounds him.
There are two cures for this wound.
The first cure: A scruple of this kind may be right for the Mu’tazilites.
For they argue: ‘Deeds and things for which man is held responsible by
religion are, either of themselves and in regard to the Hereafter, good,
and because they are good they were commanded, or they are bad, and
because they are bad they were prohibited.’ That means, from the point
of view of reality and the Hereafter, things are good or bad in their
essence, and the Divine command and prohibition are dependent on this.
Following this school of thought, in every act of worship the scruple
arises: ‘I wonder if I would succeed in performing this act according to
the essential good in it!’ However, the Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘a,
people of the school representing the great majority of Muslims who are
believed to be on the right path, argue: ‘Almighty God orders a thing,
and it becomes good: He prohibits a thing, and it becomes bad.’ That
means, whether a thing is good or bad is dependent on divine command and
prohibition: whatever God orders, it is good, whatever He prohibits it
is bad.
Therefore, a thing is good or bad for a person who is religiously
charged with doing it only after he has become aware that he has done
something ordered or prohibited. Moreover, a thing is religiously good
or bad not in respect to its apparent correctness and its apparent
features, but with respect to the Hereafter.
For example, you did wudu (ritual ablution) and did the prayer,
which were essentially imperfect due to some reason that would
invalidate both (like your garment being ritually unclean because of
some amount of foul substance). Since you had been completely unaware of
that reason before, your ablution and prayer are sound and good.
However, the Mu’tazilites oppose: ‘In essence they were bad and unsound.
But they may be accepted from you because you were ignorant of the
reason, and your ignorance is an excuse.’ According to the school of
Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘a, then, you should not indulge in scruples
about a deed you performed in conformity with the commandments of the
Shari‘a, nor worry excessively about whether it was sound or not.
Rather, you should say in the form of a question, ‘Was it accepted?’
That is, do not become proud and conceited (because of the good deeds
you have done).
The second cure: There is no difficulty in religion. The four schools of
conduct are on the right path, and realizing a fault which leads to the
seeking of forgiveness is preferable-for the person afflicted with
scruples-to seeing deeds as good, which leads to pride. Then, it is
better if such a person sees his deed as faulty and asks for God’s
forgiveness, rather than seeing it as good and becoming proud. Give up
your scruples and say to Satan: ‘This is merely a difficulty. It is
difficult to be aware of the truth in everything.’ Excessive anxiety is
an attitude contrary to the principle: There is no difficulty in
religion, and Religion is facility. Surely a deed of mine, if it
conforms with the requirements of an established school of conduct, is
enough for me. After that, in confession of my inadequacy, there is a
means of taking refuge with Divine Compassion, in humbly entreating
forgiveness for the duty of worship which I cannot perform in a way
worthy of it, and of meekly supplicating that my defective deeds be
accepted.
Fifth aspect
Some suffer scruples in the form of [what they think are] doubts in
matters of belief. The unhappy person suffering from such scruples will
sometimes confuse a passing fancy with a conceptualized idea. That is,
he supposes a doubt that has unintentionally occurred to him to be a
real doubt which he himself has conceived. Then he worries that his
faith is impaired: that is, he supposes the fancy of a doubt to be a
real doubt that damages faith. Sometimes he thinks that a doubt that
perturbed him while thinking is something that impairs his rational,
conscious confirmation of the essentials of faith. Sometimes he supposes
reflecting on a matter pertaining to unbelief to be itself unbelief.
That is, he supposes the exercises of the reflective faculty, study and
objective reasoning, to understand the causes of unbelief, to be
contrary to belief. Thus, frightened by these suppositions, which result
from the whispering of Satan, he exclaims: ‘Alas! My heart is corrupted
and my faith impaired.’ Since those states are mostly involuntary, and
he is unable to put them right by his free will, he falls into despair.
The cure for this wound is as follows:
Just as imagining unbelief is not unbelief, neither is reflecting on
unbelief, unbelief. Just as picturing misguidance in mind is not
misguidance, neither is reflecting on misguidance, misguidance.
Imagining, fancying, picturing-in-the-mind, and reflecting, are all
different from confirmation by reason and acceptance by heart. They are
only voluntary to a degree; it is difficult to place them under the
control of the free will and so make oneself answerable for them as for
religious obligations. By contrast, confirmation and acceptance are
deliberate; they depend on certain criteria and intentional reasoning.
In addition, just as imagining, fancying, mental pictures and
reflection, are not mental activities of the same kind as confirmation
and acceptance, neither are they to be considered as the same as doubt
and hesitation. Only if they are repeated unnecessarily and become
established, may they pave the way to a sort of real doubt. Also, on the
pretext of objective reasoning or fairness, continuously taking the part
of the opposing side may go so far that a person involuntarily favors
the opposing side. His support of the truth, which is incumbent upon
him, is shaken, and himself falls into danger. Gradually, he has a fixed
state of mind and becomes an officious advocate of Satan or the enemy.
The most important of this kind of scruple is this: the man afflicted
with it confuses something which is theoretically possible with
something which is reasonably likely. That is, if he sees something to
be theoretically possible, he imagines that it is reasonable for it to
be or to happen. Whereas one of the principles of reasoning in theology
is that a theoretical possibility does not negate certain knowledge of a
present reality nor contradict the demands of reason. For example, it is
theoretically possible that the Black Sea could sink into the earth at
this moment; it is something that could happen. But we judge with
certainty that that the Black Sea is in its place, we know this without
any doubt. That theoretical possibility of its being otherwise causes us
no real doubt and does not impair our certainty about the present
reality. Again, for example, it is possible that the sun will not set
today or that it will not rise tomorrow. But this possibility does not
impair our certainty and does not give rise to any real doubt. So,
baseless suspicions arising from theoretical possibilities of this
sort-for example, about the setting of the life of this world and rising
of the life of the Hereafter, which are among the truths of faith-do not
impair the certainty of belief. Moreover, the well known rule, a
possibility that does not arise from any evidence is not worth
consideration is one of the established principles of the sciences of
the foundations of religion and of jurisprudence.
If
you ask:
‘What is
the divine purpose in allowing involuntary evil thoughts and scruples to
pester us, seeing that they are so harmful and an affliction for
believers?’
Answer:
On condition they are not carried to excess and allowed to overwhelm the
person, essentially they are the cause of vigilance and awareness, lead
to seeking the truth and that which is better, and are the means to
seriousness. They disperse indifference and repel carelessness. For this
reason, in this realm of trial and testing and arena of competition, the
Absolutely Wise One gave them to the hand of Satan as a whip of
encouragement for us. He strikes it at the heads of human beings. If it
hurts excessively, one should complain to the All-Wise and Compassionate
One, and say: ‘I seek refuge with God from the accursed Satan.’
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Satan and his whispering
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